Ultra-high-resolution imaging of intracranial flow diverters with photon counting CT : a comparative phantom study with flat-panel CT

Abstract

Flow diverters are a crucial element in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. However, the optimal non-invasive follow-up imaging modality, particularly for the detection of in-stent stenosis, remains uncertain. This study aims to compare the performance of photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) in ultra-high-resolution (UHR) mode with flat-panel CT (FP-CT) for the evaluation of intracranial flow diverters. A phantom model for intracranial vessels was used to evaluate 15 flow diverters of various sizes and designs. Imaging was performed using both PCD-CT and FP-CT. Qualitative assessment of the stent lumen was conducted by three experienced neuroradiologists using a 5-point Likert scale. Quantitative analysis included measurements of lumen area, contrast to noise ratio and signal to noise ratio. FP-CT provided a significantly larger assessable stent lumen than PCD-CT at all dose levels (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between PCD-CT dose levels (p = 0.999). Increasing PCD-CT dose did not improve lumen visualization. SNR and CNR increased with PCD-CT dose (p < 0.001), peaking at CTDI 20, but showed diminishing returns beyond CTDI 10. Flow diverter diameter correlated positively with SNR and CNR (p < 0.05). Subjective image quality improved with PCD-CT dose (p < 0.001) but showed no significant difference beyond 10 mGy (p > 0.05). FRED devices had the lowest ratings, independent of imaging modality (p = 0.80). Our study demonstrated that while FP-CT provided superior visualization of the flow diverter lumen in a head phantom vessel model, subjective assessability ratings were comparable between FP-CT and PCD-CT when evaluated by experienced readers. PCD-CT at a CTDIvol of 10 mGy offered the best balance between image quality and radiation dose, making it a viable alternative for post-interventional assessment of flow diverters.